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The symbols for Uranus were created shortly after its discovery. The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts – cf. According to Maunder, the addition of crosses appears to be 'an attempt to give a savour of Christianity to the symbols of the old pagan gods.' These cross-marks first appear around the 16th century. Ī diagram in Byzantine astronomer Johannes Kamateros's 12th century Compendium of Astrology shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter Zeta (the initial of Zeus, Jupiter's counterpart in Greek mythology), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark at the bottom of the modern versions of the symbols for Mercury and Venus. Maunder, antecedents of the planetary symbols were used in art to represent the gods associated with the classical planets Bianchini's planisphere, discovered by Francesco Bianchini in the 18th century, produced in the 2nd century, shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace Mars, a spear Jupiter, a staff Saturn, a scythe the Sun, a circlet with rays radiating from it and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached. The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized caduceus. The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyrus texts.

Symbols for the classical planets appear in many medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved. The planets are represented by seven faces. Main article: Planet symbols Medieval depiction of the zodiac and the classical planets. One week into the month, half the visible face illuminatedįinal week of the month, the other half of the visible face illuminated The face of the Sun or ' Sun in splendor' T eff☉ represents the solar effective temperature, and the luminosity, mass, and radius of stars are often represented using the corresponding solar constants ( L ☉, M ☉, and R ☉, respectively) as units of measurement. In modern academic writing, the Sun symbol is used for astronomical constants relating to the Sun. The late Classical appearance was similar. The symbol for the Moon in a medieval Byzantine manuscript (11th c.). The modern Sun symbol, a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in Europe in the Renaissance. The forms of the symbols that appear in the original papyrus texts of Greek horoscopes are a circle with one ray ( ) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon. The use of astronomical symbols for the Sun and Moon dates to antiquity. Unicode has encoded many of these symbols, mainly in the Miscellaneous Symbols, Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Īnd Alchemical Symbols blocks. While they are still commonly used in almanacs and astrological publications, their occurrence in published research and texts on astronomy is relatively infrequent, with some exceptions such as the Sun and Earth symbols appearing in astronomical constants, and certain zodiacal signs used to represent the solstices and equinoxes.

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These symbols were once commonly used by professional astronomers, amateur astronomers, alchemists, and astrologers.

New symbols have been invented to represent many planets and minor planets discovered in the 18th to the 21st centuries.

The Byzantine codices in which many Greek papyrus texts were preserved continued and extended the inventory of astronomical symbols. The earliest forms of these symbols appear in Greek papyrus texts of late antiquity. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.Īstronomical symbols are abstract pictorial symbols used to represent astronomical objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in European astronomy.

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